摘要
      尽管已经探索了抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）在不同有机土壤中的富集，但在典型的农业地区，对长期有机施肥土壤中控制ARGs组成的生态过程的理解仍然有限。因此，使用高通量qPCR（HT-qPCR）研究了三种典型农业土壤（黑土、潮土和红壤）在长期对比施肥制度（仅化学施肥与仅有机施肥）下ARG剖面的分布和组装。与施用化肥相比，施用有机肥料显著增加了土壤中ARG的丰度和数量。施用有机肥丰富了可移动遗传元素（MGE）的丰度，这些元素与ARGs呈正相关。此外，正是长期有机肥料丰富了潮土和红壤中机会主义和专业ARG的数量和丰度，而不是黑土。大多数广义ARGs的数量和丰度在不同施肥或土壤类型之间没有显著变化。有机施肥土壤中ARG剖面的组装过程往往比化学施肥土壤中更具确定性。这些结果表明，长期施用有机肥可能会导致土壤抗生素耐药性（尤其是专家ARGs）的持久性和健康风险。
Abstract
Although the enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in diverse organic soils have been explored, understanding of the ecological processes governing the composition of ARGs in long-term organically fertilized soils still remains limited across typical agricultural regions. Thus, the distribution and assembly of ARG profile in three typical agricultural soils (black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, and red soil) under long-term contrasting fertilization regimes (chemical-only vs organic-only) were investigated using high-throughput qPCR (HT-qPCR). The application of organic manure significantly increased the abundance and number of ARGs across soils, as compared to those with chemical fertilizer. Organic manure application enriched the abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which were positively associated with ARGs. In addition, it is long-term organic fertilizer that enriched the number and abundance of opportunist and specialist ARGs in the fluvo-aquic and red soils, but not black soils. The number and abundance of most generalist ARGs did not change significantly among different fertilization or soil types. The assembly process of the ARG profiles tends to be more deterministic in organically fertilized soils than in chemically fertilized soils. These results suggest that long-term organic fertilizer application may contribute to the persistence and health risk of the soil antibiotic resistomes (especially specialist ARGs).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389422009530