摘要
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抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）已被鉴定为水和废水中新出现的污染物。人们对消毒过程能否有效消除ARGs从而减缓其传播表示担忧。由于存在的形式和传播途径不同，细胞内ARG（iARGs）和细胞外ARG（eARGs）对消毒过程有不同的反应。这篇综述比较了在水和废水处理厂应用的代表性消毒过程中消除iARGs和eARGs的情况，包括氯、氯胺、二氧化氯、臭氧、紫外线照射（UV）以及紫外线与化学品的组合处理。同时，强调了ARGs在消毒过程中的重新分布。ARGs的消除效率通常遵循以下顺序：臭氧>氯»二氧化氯>氯胺。裸露eARGs的消除可能比iARGs高出4个对数。值得注意的是，这些消毒剂和消毒过程中形成的消毒副产物可以选择抗生素抗性细菌（ARB），并增加iARGs的相对丰度。在实际的消毒剂暴露下，可以观察到eARGs的丰度升高。低剂量的氯和氯胺往往会增强ARGs从细胞内形式到细胞外形式的转移。为了选择性地控制ARG和相关风险，同时将意外后果降至最低，消毒实践可能需要优化。
Abstract
Abstract Image
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been identified as emerging contaminants in water and wastewater. Concerns have been raised of whether disinfection processes can effectively eliminate ARGs and thus mitigate their spread. Due to the different existing forms and dissemination pathways, intracellular ARGs (iARGs) and extracellular ARGs (eARGs) have different responses to disinfection processes. This review compares the elimination of iARGs and eARGs in representative disinfection processes applied at water and wastewater treatment plants, including treatment by chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet irradiation (UV), and combination of UV with chemicals. Meanwhile, the redistribution of ARGs upon disinfection processes is highlighted. Elimination efficiencies of ARGs generally follow the order: ozone > chlorine ≫ chlorine dioxide > chloramine. The elimination of naked eARGs could be up to 4-log higher than that of iARGs. Notably, these disinfectants and the resulting disinfection byproducts formed in disinfection process can select antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and increase relative abundances of iARGs. Under practical disinfectant exposure, elevated abundances of eARGs may be observed. Low doses of chlorine and chloramine tend to enhance the transfer of ARGs from intracellular to extracellular forms. To selectively control ARGs and associated risks and meanwhile minimize the unintended consequences, the disinfection practice may warrant optimization.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00286