摘要

在作为微污染物存在于土壤和水生态系统中的不同药物中，抗生素已受到相当多的关注，因为它们越来越多的使用以及由此产生的多耐药细菌对人类和兽医健康构成严重风险。而且，一旦进入环境，抗生素会影响自然微生物群落。后者在基础生态过程中发挥关键作用，最重要的是维持土壤和水质。事实上，由于它们具有大量的遗传多样性和代谢能力，它们参与了生物地球化学循环和有机污染物降解。当环境中出现抗生素时，它们可以以不同方式阻碍微生物群落结构和功能，并且对微生物群落具有直接（短期）和间接（长期）作用。短期的是杀菌剂和抑菌作用，从而导致一些微生物种群及其生态功能的消失。间接影响包括抗生素抗性细菌的发展，以及在某些情况下能够通过代谢或共代谢过程降解它们的细菌菌株。生物降解使得有可能从环境中完全去除有毒化合物，如果它是矿化的。

Among the different pharmaceuticals present in soil and water ecosystems as micro-contaminants, considerable attention has been paid to antibiotics, since their increasing use and the consequent development of multi-resistant bacteria pose serious risks to human and veterinary health. Moreover, once they have entered the environment, antibiotics can affect natural microbial communities. The latter play a key role in fundamental ecological processes, most importantly the maintenance of soil and water quality. In fact, they are involved in biogeochemical cycling and organic contaminant degradation thanks to their large reservoir of genetic diversity and metabolic capability. When antibiotics occur in the environment, they can hamper microbial community structure and functioning in different ways and have both direct (short-term) and indirect (long-term) effects on microbial communities. The short-term ones are bactericide and bacteriostatic actions with a consequent disappearance of some microbial populations and their ecological functioning. The indirect impact includes the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria and in some cases bacterial strains able to degrade them by metabolic or co-metabolic processes. Biodegradation makes it possible to completely remove a toxic compound from the environment if it is mineralized.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X17301108