摘要

最近，在处理过的家庭废水，动物粪便和市政生物固体中，对抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）和抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的存在引起了越来越多的关注。值得关注的是，这些额外的ARB来源是否有助于环境中的抗生素抗性水平，即“环境抗生素抗性”.ARB和ARG自然发生在土壤和水中，并且ARB在液体和固体中的引入还不清楚市政和动物废弃物通过土地施用对环境中抗生素耐药性的背景水平以及它们是否会影响人体接触ARB有重大影响。在本次审查中，我们检查并重新评估了土地应用活动导致的ARB和ARG发病率，并提供了一个新的视角，通过非临床环境来源的暴露对抗生素对公共健康的抗性产生威胁。根据土地应用中ARBs和ARGs的输入，土壤中由于土壤微生物生态学原理造成的土壤命运，土壤中已经存在的土着ARBs和ARGs背景水平，我们得出结论，尽管土壤中的抗生素抗性水平随时间增加的废物，他们的持久性是不能保证的，事实上是可变的，而且往往是基于申请地点的矛盾。此外，废物的应用可能不会产生ARG和ARB对公共健康的最直接影响。农业和公共卫生仍需进一步调查，包括继续审查这两个部门的抗生素使用情况。

Recently, there has been increased concern about the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARG), in treated domestic wastewaters, animal manures and municipal biosolids. The concern is whether these additional sources of ARB contribute to antibiotic resistance levels in the environment, that is, “environmental antibiotic resistance.” ARB and ARG occur naturally in soil and water, and it remains unclear whether the introduction of ARB in liquid and solid municipal and animal wastes via land application have any significant impact on the background levels of antibiotic resistance in the environment, and whether they affect human exposure to ARB. In this current review, we examine and re-evaluate the incidence of ARB and ARG resulting from land application activities, and offer a new perspective on the threat of antibiotic resistance to public health via exposure from nonclinical environmental sources. Based on inputs of ARBs and ARGs from land application, their fate in soil due to soil microbial ecology principles, and background indigenous levels of ARBs and ARGs already present in soil, we conclude that while antibiotic resistance levels in soil are increased temporally by land application of wastes, their persistence is not guaranteed and is in fact variable, and often contradictory based on application site. Furthermore, the application of wastes may not produce the most direct impact of ARGs and ARB on public health. Further investigation is still warranted in agriculture and public health, including continued scrutiny of antibiotic use in both sectors.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.7b04360