摘要
      抗生素发酵残渣（AFR）是一种生物可利用物质，是中国药品生产中的一类典型危险废物。这些残留物的处理严重制约了制药行业的可持续发展。本研究开发了蒸汽爆破好氧堆肥（SEA-CBS）系统，将新霉素发酵残渣彻底转化为有机肥料。结果表明，在所有情况下，抗生素的最终去除率都高达99.9%，包括大环内酯类（北塔霉素和螺旋霉素）、林可酰胺类（林可霉素）和β-内酰胺类（头孢菌素和青霉素）抗生素生物废物。还进行了盆栽试验，研究了抗生素残留在土壤中的衰减规律，以及微量抗生素耐药基因的分布。生产的肥料对芥菜的生长表现出比传统肥料更好的性能。SEA-CBS预处理后，平均株高和生物量分别增加了14.33%-55.83%和136.71%-326.83%。此外，新霉素是主要的选择压力，并筛选了6个与新霉素相关的抗生素抗性基因。acc（6′）ib基因被鉴定为靶ARGs，其主要抗性机制是抗生素失活，在NFR改良土壤中的绝对和相对丰度分别为1.06×105±3.80×104拷贝/g和6.23×10−4±1.75×10−4-拷贝/16s。微生物群落分析表明，在初始浓度低于0.42μg/kg土壤时，土壤微生物群落的变化不受新霉素发酵残渣（NFR）的支配。这项工作表明，SEA-CBS系统不仅是一种同时去除硫酸新霉素和NFR堆肥的有效技术，而且可以应用于广泛的其他抗生素生物废物，这可能有利于AFR的回收，这些数据为未来的农业利用和安全评估提供了理论依据。
Abstract
Antibiotic fermentation residue (AFR) is a form of bioavailable matter, that represents a typical category of hazardous waste associated with drug production in China. The disposal of these residues seriously restricts the sustainable development of the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the steam explosion and aerobic composting (SEA-CBS) system was developed to thoroughly convert neomycin fermentation residue to organic fertilizer. The results implied that the ultimate removal rate of antibiotics was as high as 99.9% in all cases, including macrolide (kitasamycin and spiramycin), lincosamide (lincomycin), and beta-lactam (cephalosporin and penicillin) antibiotic biowastes. Pot experiments were also conducted to study the attenuation rule of antibiotic residues in the soil, and the distribution of antibiotic resistant genes from trace antibiotics. The produced fertilizer presented the better performance on mustard growth than conventional fertilizers. The average plant height and biomass were increased by 14.33%–55.83% and 136.71%–326.83%, respectively, after SEA-CBS pretreatment. Moreover, neomycin was the primary selective pressure, and six antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) correlated with neomycin were screened. The acc(6′)ib gene was identified as the target ARGs, the main resistance mechanism was antibiotic inactivation, and the absolute and relative abundances were 1.06 × 105 ± 3.80 × 104 copies/g and 6.23 × 10−4 ± 1.75 × 10−4 copies/16 s in the NFR-amended soils. The microbial community analysis showed that the variation of the soil microbial community was not dominated by neomycin fermentation residue (NFR) at initial concentrations below 0.42 μg/kg soil. This work demonstrated that the SEA-CBS system not only functioned as an efficient technology for concurrent neomycin sulfate removal and NFR composting, but also applied to a wide range of other antibiotic bio-wastes, which may benefit the recycling of AFR, as well as the data provide a theoretical basis for future agricultural utilization and safe evaluation.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721059386