摘要
      低收入和中等收入国家承担着抗生素耐药性感染的最大死亡负担。小规模动物生产和自由漫游的家畜在许多LMIC中很常见，但关于低收入社区肠道细菌和抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的人畜共患交换的数据很少。农村和城市社区在人口密度、抗生素使用和与动物同居方面的差异可能会影响人类和动物之间肠道细菌群落和ARGs的传播频率。在这里，我们使用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序确定了与孟加拉国城市社区相比，农村社区的人类、鸡和山羊之间肠道微生物组和抗性组的相似性。农村（同居更常见）的人和鸡的肠道微生物组比城市社区更相似，但农村和城市社区的人和山羊没有差异。人类和山羊的抗性在城市社区更相似，城市动物的ARG丰度高于农村动物。我们在人类和动物中发现了ARG等位基因的大量重叠。人类和鸡的ARG等位基因重叠比人类和山羊多。来自城市社区和农村人类的所有粪便宿主在被归类为潜在致病细菌的染色体重叠群上携带ARG，包括大肠杆菌、空肠弯曲杆菌、艰难梭菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。这些发现深入了解了与孟加拉国城市社区相比，农村地区人类和动物种群中ARGs的传播范围。
ABSTRACT
Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear the largest mortality burden of antibiotic-resistant infections. Small-scale animal production and free-roaming domestic animals are common in many LMICs, yet data on zoonotic exchange of gut bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in low-income communities are sparse. Differences between rural and urban communities with regard to population density, antibiotic use, and cohabitation with animals likely influence the frequency of transmission of gut bacterial communities and ARGs between humans and animals. Here, we determined the similarity in gut microbiomes, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and resistomes, using long-read metagenomics, between humans, chickens, and goats in a rural community compared to an urban community in Bangladesh. Gut microbiomes were more similar between humans and chickens in the rural (where cohabitation is more common) than the urban community, but there was no difference for humans and goats in the rural versus the urban community. Human and goat resistomes were more similar in the urban community, and ARG abundance was higher in urban animals than rural animals. We identified substantial overlap of ARG alleles in humans and animals in both settings. Humans and chickens had more overlapping ARG alleles than humans and goats. All fecal hosts from the urban community and rural humans carried ARGs on chromosomal contigs classified as potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridioides difficile, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These findings provide insight into the breadth of ARGs circulating within human and animal populations in a rural compared to urban community in Bangladesh.
https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/aem.00759-22?casa_token=Zoo2WCbfRK4AAAAA%3AYl6sWgbTZCtoRcJIIelRUv9ApIQQATJpXfl6ZIodZFr9aw2uUCiY2DHiQ1-KR-okCjZ_DZEZMSMvXA