摘要
      乳制品生产产生的废物是世界许多地区抗微生物细菌（ARB）和基因（ARGs）污染的最大来源之一。然而，迄今为止的研究并没有提供必要的证据来告知抗微生物耐药性（AMR）对策。我们对奶浆废弃物进行了详细的、跨学科的纵向分析。浆液中含有大量ARB和ARGs，对当前的、历史的和从未在农场使用过的抗生素具有耐药性；耐药性与革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌以及可移动元件（ISEcp1、Tn916、Tn21家族转座子）有关。建模和实验工作表明，这些种群处于动态平衡状态，微生物的死亡通过新的输入来平衡。因此，在没有进一步废物输入的情况下储存浆料至少60天，预计可以减少ARB在陆地上的传播，对头孢菌素耐药的大肠杆菌减少99%以上。该模型还表明，对于抗生素使用量较低的农场来说，进一步减少抗生素耐药性不太可能进一步减少。我们得出的结论是，浆液罐是AMR测量和控制的关键点，限制乳制品废物中AMR传播的行动应结合负责任的抗生素使用，包括低总量、避免使用人类关键抗生素、选择半衰期较短的抗生素，以及适当的浆液储存。
Abstract
Waste from dairy production is one of the largest sources of contamination from antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARGs) in many parts of the world. However, studies to date do not provide necessary evidence to inform antimicrobial resistance (AMR) countermeasures. We undertook a detailed, interdisciplinary, longitudinal analysis of dairy slurry waste. The slurry contained a population of ARB and ARGs, with resistances to current, historical and never-used on-farm antibiotics; resistances were associated with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and mobile elements (ISEcp1, Tn916, Tn21-family transposons). Modelling and experimental work suggested that these populations are in dynamic equilibrium, with microbial death balanced by fresh input. Consequently, storing slurry without further waste input for at least 60 days was predicted to reduce ARB spread onto land, with > 99 % reduction in cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli. The model also indicated that for farms with low antibiotic use, further reductions are unlikely to reduce AMR further. We conclude that the slurry tank is a critical point for measurement and control of AMR, and that actions to limit the spread of AMR from dairy waste should combine responsible antibiotic use, including low total quantity, avoidance of human critical antibiotics, and choosing antibiotics with shorter half-lives, coupled with appropriate slurry storage.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022004433