摘要
      快速好氧堆肥过程已被用于减少有机废物，但抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的相关风险需要以有效的方式进行评估。这项工作的主要目的是探索堆肥温度的初始调节对联合堆肥过程中ARGs、可移动遗传元素（MGE）和微生物组成变化的潜在机制。共同堆肥最初在外部加热（T2）5天。结果表明，常规堆肥（T1）中ARGs的丰度在30天后降低了49.36%，而多药堆肥（multidrug）中的ARGs丰度在30天后增加了86.16%。而在T2中，ARGs被去除了79.46%，特别是磺酰胺、多药和万古霉素耐药性基因的部分>90%，没有任何ARGs的反弹。然而，与T1（86.3%，86.7%）相比，T1和T2的MGEs分别减少了68.12%和93.62%，而T2的ARGs和MGEs的半衰期较低。T2还通过调节碳水化合物代谢（9.62–10.39%）和氨基酸代谢（9.92–10.93%）来影响代谢功能。除此之外，潜在的人类致病菌假单胞菌在T2和T1分别减少了90.6%和32.9%。网络分析表明，Ureibacillus、Weissella、棒状杆菌、埃希氏志贺菌、不动杆菌是多个基因的主要宿主。结构方程模型表明，细菌群落主要负责T1中ARGs的富集，而T2中则直接受MGE的影响。同样，ARGs的变化与堆肥温度直接相关。通过这种简单的策略，ARGs相关的风险可以在堆肥中显著降低。
Abstract
The rapid aerobic composting process has been used to reduce organic wastes, but the associated risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) need to evaluate in an efficient way. The primary objective of this work was to explore the underlying mechanism of initial adjustment in composting temperature on the variation of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and microbial composition during co-composting. The co-composting was initially externally heated (T2) for 5 days. The results showed that ARGs abundance in conventional composting (T1) was reduced by 49.36%, while multidrug was enriched by 86.16% after a period of 30 days. While in T2 ARGs were removed by 79.46% particularly the fraction of sulfonamide, multidrug, and vancomycin resistance genes were >90% without rebounding of any ARGs. Whereas, MGEs were reduced by 68.12% and 93.62% in T1 and T2, while the half-lives of ARGs and MGEs were lower in T2 compared to T1 (86.3%,86.7%). T2 also affected the metabolism function by regulating carbohydrate metabolism (9.62–10.39%) and amino acid metabolism (9.92–10.93%). Apart from this, the potential human pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas was reduced by 90.6% in T2 and only 32.9% in T1 respectively. Network analysis showed that Ureibacillus, Weissella, Corynebacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, Acinetobacter were the main host of multiple genes. Structural equation models exhibited that bacterial communities were mainly responsible for the enrichment of ARGs in T1, whereas, it was directly affected by MGEs in T2. Similarly, ARGs variation was directly related to composting temperature. With this simple strategy, ARGs associated risk can be significantly reduced in composting.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935122018400