摘要
      气候变暖可能会加剧抗生素耐药性基因对环境和人类健康的威胁。然而，温度是否能预测ARG并影响其组装过程仍然未知。在这里，我们使用宏基因组测序来探索逐渐升高的水温（23°C、26°C、29°C、32°C、35°C）如何影响黄河中的ARG和移动遗传元件（MGE）谱。在我们的水样中总共检测到30种ARG类型，包括679种亚型。逐渐升高的温度显著降低了ARG的多样性，但增加了ARG丰度。大约37%的ARG和42%的MGE是由温度预测的，而大多数其他ARG和MGE对温度不敏感。温度每升高1°C，ARG的丰度就会增加2133 TPM（每百万个映射读数外显子模型的每千碱基转录物），多药、四环素和肽抗性基因的增加最快。变形菌和放线菌是ARG的主要宿主，分别有558和226种ARG亚型。尽管ARG剖面主要受随机过程控制，但高温增加了黄河ARG的确定过程。五种高风险ARGs（tetM、mecA、bacA、vatE和tetW）的丰度随着水温的升高而显著增加，并且这些ARGs与几种机会性病原体（Delftia、Legionella和Pseudomonas）共同发生，这意味着在气候变暖下抗生素耐药性的风险可能会增加。我们的研究探索了通过温度预测耐药性及其健康风险的可能性，为预测和控制气候变暖条件下水环境中的ARGs提供了一种新的方法。
Abstract
Climate warming may aggravate the threat of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to environmental and human health. However, whether temperature can predict ARGs and influence their assembly processes remains unknown. Here, we used metagenomic sequencing to explore how gradually elevated water temperature (23 °C, 26 °C, 29 °C, 32 °C, 35 °C) influences ARG and mobile genetic element (MGE) profiles in the Yellow River. In total, 30 ARG types including 679 subtypes were detected in our water samples. Gradually increased temperature remarkably reduced ARG diversity but increased ARG abundance. Approximately 37 % of ARGs and 42 % of MGEs were predicted by temperature, while most others were not sensitive to temperature. For each 1 °C increase in temperature, the ARG abundance rose by 2133 TPM (Transcripts Per kilobase of exon model per Million mapped reads) abundance, and multidrug, tetracycline and peptide resistance genes had the fastest increases. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the primary ARG hosts, with 558 and 226 ARG subtypes, respectively. Although ARG profiles were mainly governed by stochastic process, elevated temperature increased the deterministic process of ARGs in the Yellow River. The abundance of five high-risk ARGs (tetM, mecA, bacA, vatE and tetW) significantly increased with elevated water temperature, and these ARGs co-occurred with several opportunistic pathogens (Delftia, Legionella and Pseudomonas), implying that antibiotic resistance risk may increase under climate warming. Our study explored the possibility of predicting resistomes and their health risks through temperature, providing a novel approach to predict and control ARGs in water environments under climate warming.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722074241