摘要
      抗生素耐药性细菌（ARB）和抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）是环境抗微生物耐药性（AMR）的主要组成部分之一。污水处理厂是环境中AMR成分的重要来源和贡献者。现有的三级处理技术，即氯化、紫外线处理和臭氧氧化，在ARB消毒或ARG去除方面并不有效。因此，评估先进的废水处理技术在去除ARB和ARGs方面的潜力是很重要的。在本研究中，评估了Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2阳极在消毒单ARB（pUC19ampR）、双ARB（p BR322ampR和tetR）、再生抑制、去除细胞内和细胞外ARG以及转化效率损失方面的潜力。在施加电流密度为30 mA cm−2的情况下，单ARB（0.212 min−1）和双ARB（0.185 min−1。扫描电子显微镜图像证实了广泛且无法修复的细胞损伤。因此，在30天内未观察到再生长。琼脂糖凝胶电泳和量子位分析证实了细胞内和细胞外遗传物质的降解。观察到细胞内ampR（pUC19）减少高达~7.5 log（53.14±1.23%）和~5.3 log（41.43±0.89%）。同样，细胞内ampR和tetR（pBR322）的减少分别为~6.5 log（55.19±0.92%）和~7.5 log（64.89±2.39%）。而细胞外ampR和tetR（pBR322）分别为~4.1 log（41.85±1.62%）和~4.9 log（52.49±1.35%）。尽管ARG去除效率较低，但观察到细胞内和细胞外pUC19和pBR322的转化能力完全丧失。从结果中可以明显看出，电氧化对ARB的消毒、细胞内和细胞外ARG的去除都是有效的。因此，EOP被认为是一种有效且有前景的三级处理技术。
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are one of the major components of environmental antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Wastewater treatment plant is an important source and a contributor of AMR components in environment. The existing tertiary treatment technologies viz., chlorination, ultraviolet treatment and ozonation are not effective in ARB disinfection or ARG removal. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the potential of advanced wastewater treatment technologies in removing ARB and ARGs. In this study, the potential of Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2 anode in disinfecting single ARB (pUC19-ampR), dual ARB (pBR322-ampR and tetR), regrowth inhibition, removal of intracellular and extracellular ARGs and loss of transformation efficiency were evaluated. Upto 7 log (99.99 %) removal of single ARB (0.212 min−1) and dual ARB (0.185 min−1) was achieved in 40 min and 35 min, respectively at an applied current density 30 mA cm−2. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed extensive and irreparable cell damages. Therefore, no re-growth was observed upto 30 days. Agarose gel electrophoresis and qubit analysis confirmed degradation of intracellular and extracellular genetic material. Upto ∼7.5 log (53.14 ± 1.23 %) of intracellular and ∼5.3 log (41.43 ± 0.89 %) of extracellular ampR (pUC19) reduction was observed. Similarly, reduction of intracellular ampR and tetR (pBR322) were ∼6.5 log (55.19 ± 0.92 %) and ∼7.5 log (64.89 ± 2.39 %). While, extracellular ampR and tetR (pBR322) were ∼4.1 log (41.85 ± 1.62 %) and ∼4.9 log (52.49 ± 1.35 %), respectively. Despite low ARG removal efficiency, complete loss of transformation ability of intracellular and extracellular pUC19 and pBR322 was observed. From the results, it is evident that electro-oxidation is effective in disinfecting both the ARB, removal of intracellular and extracellular ARGs. Therefore, EOP is proposed as an effective and promising tertiary treatment technology.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1385894723005387