摘要
      污水处理厂一直被认为是环境中抗生素抗性基因的重要来源，但在城市生活污水处理厂中，很少有证据表明工业污水处理厂对环境的影响。在这里，我们选择了中国杭州湾（HZB）作为我们的研究区域，几十年来，陆上城市和工业污水处理厂一直将污水排入杭州湾。我们采用高通量宏基因组测序来检测污水处理厂污水和沿海沉积物样本的抗生素耐药性。我们提出了一个评估抗生素耐药性风险的概念框架，以及一个评估潜在水平基因转移（HGT）频率的新的生物信息学管道。我们的研究结果表明，污水处理厂出水中ARGs的多样性和丰度显著高于沉积物中的ARGs。此外，污水接收区（ERA）的抗生素耐药性与HZB有显著差异。我们首次发现，污水处理厂的工业废水增加了沿海沉积物中的抗生素耐药性风险。关键证据包括：1）污水处理厂活性污泥中ARGs的比例较高（14.3%），并且在工业废水接收区富集了两个高风险的多粘菌素抗性基因（mcr-4和mcr-5）；2） 工业废水的抗性微生物组与其ERA沉积物之间的HGT潜力更高；3）在工业废水中确定了最高的抗性风险，并且位于高风险重叠群上的一些杀生物剂抗性基因与工业化学品的长期胁迫有关。这些发现突出了工业活动对环境抗微生物耐药性发展的重要影响。
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been regarded as an important source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environment, but out of municipal domestic WWTPs, few evidences show how environment is affected by industrial WWTPs. Here we chose Hangzhou Bay (HZB), China as our study area, where land-based municipal and industrial WWTPs discharged their effluent into the bay for decades. We adopted high-throughput metagenomic sequencing to examine the antibiotic resistome of the WWTP effluent and coastal sediment samples. And we proposed a conceptual framework for the assessment of antibiotic resistome risk, and a new bioinformatic pipeline for the evaluation of the potential horizontal gene transfer (HGT) frequency. Our results revealed that the diversity and abundance of ARGs in the WWTP’s effluent were significantly higher than those in the sediment. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistome in the effluent-receiving area (ERA) showed significant difference from that in HZB. For the first time, we identified that industrial WWTP effluent boosted antibiotic resistome risk in coastal sediment. The crucial evidences included: 1) the proportion of ARGs derived from WWTP activated sludge (WA) was higher (14.3 %) and two high-risky polymyxin resistance genes (mcr-4 and mcr-5) were enriched in the industrial effluent receiving area; 2) the HGT potential was higher between resistant microbiome of the industrial effluent and its ERA sediment; and 3) the highest resistome risk was determined in the industrial effluent, and some biocide resistance genes located on high-risky contigs were related to long-term stress of industrial chemicals. These findings highlight the important effects of industrial activities on the development of environmental antimicrobial resistance.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022006419