摘要
      自从首次发现抗生素以来，新抗生素的引入伴随着抗生素耐药性细菌（ARB）和抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的出现。ARB和ARGs在水生环境中的快速传播已成为全球关注的问题。ARB和ARGs已经通过各种途径在水生环境中传播。大多数ARGs的主要宿主被发现属于γ-变形杆菌类，包括临床上重要的潜在病原体。ARGs的传播也通过水生环境中细菌菌株之间的水平基因转移（HGT）机制发生，导致ARGs无处不在。因此，一些ARG和MGE（例如strA、sul1、int1）已被建议作为水生环境污染水平全球可比性的指标。随着ARB和ARGs的污染，由于其在水生环境中的广泛存在，关键病原体的出现已在全球范围内引起关注。因此，全球范围内已经启动了主动监测系统。在这篇综述中，我们描述了ARG检测方法的进展，以及ARB和ARG的发生及其在水生环境中的传播。尽管已经对ARB和ARGs进行了大量研究，但仍然没有明确的策略来解决水生环境中的抗生素耐药性（AR）问题。至少，为了进行一致的监测，应该建立一个严格的框架，以便在水生环境中进行进一步的研究。
Abstract
Since the first discovery of antibiotics, introduction of new antibiotics has been coupled with the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Rapid dissemination of ARB and ARGs in the aquatic environments has become a global concern. ARB and ARGs have been already disseminated in the aquatic environments via various routes. Main hosts of most of ARGs were found to belong to Gammaproteobacteria class, including clinically important potential pathogens. Transmission of ARGs also occurs by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanisms between bacterial strains in the aquatic environments, resulting in ubiquity of ARGs. Thus, a few of ARGs and MGEs (e.g., strA, sul1, int1) have been suggested as indicators for global comparability of contamination level in the aquatic environments. With ARB and ARGs contamination, the occurrence of critical pathogens has been globally issued due to their widespread in the aquatic environments. Thus, active surveillance systems have been launched worldwide. In this review, we described advancement of methodologies for ARGs detection, and occurrence of ARB and ARGs and their dissemination in the aquatic environments. Even though numerous studies have been conducted for ARB and ARGs, there is still no clear strategy to tackle antibiotic resistance (AR) in the aquatic environments. At least, for consistent surveillance, a strict framework should be established for further research in the aquatic environments.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10084755/