摘要
      抗生素被广泛消费，在农业和渔业湖泊集水区等水生生态系统中普遍存在，用于预防性治疗。然而，很少有综合研究报告农业湖泊集水区，特别是冬季寒冷地区抗生素的所有季节性发生、时空动态和风险评估。本研究测量了中国东北查干湖流域地表水（支流和湖泊）中属于七个不同类别的12种抗生素浓度的季节性。在大多数季节的大多数水样中都检测到了所有抗生素，不同化合物、地点和季节的抗生素浓度各不相同。这些水平是根据不同采样点的主要来源进行讨论的，包括农业、鱼类养殖、城市废水等。一般来说，大多数化合物的最高浓度出现在冻融期。抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的数量与化合物的亲脂性和半衰期相关。基于抗生素的生态风险和ARGs的相对丰度，确定了抗生素的分级控制优先级列表（HCPL），考虑了四个级别（临界、高、中和低）。为了进一步加强对抗生素的控制和有效管理，我们强烈建议在查干湖流域的冬春季冻融期减少和选择性使用兽用抗生素。
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely consumed and are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, such as in agricultural and fishery lake catchments, for prophylactic treatment. However, there are very few comprehensive studies reporting all seasonal occurrences, spatiotemporal dynamics, and risk assessments of antibiotics in agricultural lake catchments, especially in cold regions during the winter season. This study measured seasonality in the concentrations of 12 antibiotics belonging to seven different classes in the surface waters (tributary rivers and lakes) of the Chagan lake catchment in northeast China. All antibiotics were detected in most of the water samples across most seasons, with concentrations varying for different compounds, locations, and seasons. These levels were discussed in terms of the main sources at different sampling sites, including agriculture, fish farming, municipal wastewater, and others. In general, the highest concentrations of most compounds were observed during the freeze–thaw periods. The number of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) correlated with compound lipophilicity and half-life. Based on the ecological risks of antibiotics and the relative abundance of ARGs, a hierarchical control priority list (HCPL) of antibiotics was determined, considering four levels (critical, high, medium, and low). To further strengthen the control and effectively manage antibiotics, we highly recommend the reduction and selective use of veterinary antibiotics in winter and spring during the freeze–thaw periods in the Chagan lake catchment.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135422013781