摘要
      在孟加拉国，鱼类提供了超过60%的动物源性食物，其中56.2%来自主要在农村淡水池塘生产的水产养殖。对鱼类产品的需求不断增加，导致疾病流行率上升，对粮食安全构成风险。孟加拉国农村水产养殖实践中往往缺乏生物安全，抗生素通常用于治疗和预防疾病爆发。抗生素的使用往往不正确，这是导致抗微生物耐药性（AMR）发展的一个关键因素。AMR可以通过移动遗传元件在微生物生态系统中迅速传播，随着抗生素治疗的无效，对感染AMR病原体的人类和动物构成风险。早期发现AMR并了解抗微生物耐药性基因（ARGs）在农村水产养殖实践中的传播，对粮食安全、人类健康保护和食品安全都至关重要。在这里，我们应用宏基因组方法来评估孟加拉国中北部Mymensingh地区六个有鳍鱼（罗非鱼和pangasius）养殖场池塘水中的ARG成分。我们发现池塘中的微生物群落具有相似的α和β多样性，预测多种ARG会对18种不同类别的抗菌药物产生耐药性。最常见的ARGs对氨基糖苷类和磺酰胺类具有耐药性，并且存在于与鱼类和人类病原体相关的分类群中。这种ARG的多样性可能会对多种抗生素产生耐药性，并对目前和未来在土养殖池塘中使用抗生素治疗疾病的有效性提出质疑。每个养殖场内鱼塘之间的微生物和ARG组成相似，这可能与农业实践的相似性有关，从而产生相似的微生物选择压力，从而产生可比的微生物种群。如果不对抗生素的使用采取更可控的方法，随着孟加拉国水产养殖生产的加强，我们将不可避免地进一步加剧治疗和预防疾病爆发的挑战。
Abstract
In Bangladesh, fish provide over 60% of animal-source food with 56.2% of this coming from aquaculture produced predominantly in rural freshwater ponds. Increasing demand for fish products is driving intensification and resulting in higher disease prevalence, posing a risk to food security. Biosecurity is often absent in rural aquaculture practices in Bangladesh and antibiotics are commonly used to treat and prevent disease outbreaks. Antibiotics are often administered incorrectly - a key factor associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR can be disseminated rapidly within microbial ecosystems via mobile genetic elements, posing a risk for humans and animals infected with AMR pathogens as treatments with antibiotics become ineffective. Early AMR detection and understanding of the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in rural aquaculture practices is critical for both food security, human health protection and food safety. Here, we apply a metagenomic approach to assess the ARG composition in pond water from six finfish (tilapia and pangasius) farms in the Mymensingh division of North-central Bangladesh. We found microbial communities within the ponds had similar alpha and beta diversities, with multiple ARGs predicted to confer resistance to eighteen different classes of antimicrobials. The most common ARGs conferred resistance to aminoglycosides and sulphonamides and were present in taxa associated with both fish and human pathogens. This ARG diversity potentially confers resistance to a wide variety of antibiotic classes and questions the effectiveness of current and future treatment of diseases with antibiotics in earthen aquaculture ponds. The microbial and ARG compositions between fish ponds within each farm were similar, which may relate to parallels in farming practices creating similar microbial selection pressures and thus comparable microbial populations. Without a more controlled approach towards antibiotic usage, we will inevitably further exacerbate the challenges in treating and preventing disease outbreaks as aquaculture production intensifies in Bangladesh.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352513423000017