摘要
      抗微生物耐药性（AMR）是一个全球性的威胁，对一线抗生素耐药性的演变和传播超过了新疗法的发展。AMR的传播是通过细菌之间的抗微生物耐药性基因（ARGs）的转移而持续的，尤其是那些由结合质粒编码的基因。人类肠道微生物组是已知的质粒结合的“熔炉”，ARG在这种环境中的转移被广泛记录。有必要更好地了解影响这些转移事件发生的因素，并研究可能抵消ARGs传播的方法。这篇综述描述了三种研究人类肠道结合的方法的用途和潜力：住院患者原位事件的观察，主要在啮齿动物模型中对体内微生物组进行建模，以及使用各种复杂的体外模型。每一种都为我们对肠道结合的理解带来了独特的见解。这些系统及其组合的使用和开发对于更好地理解肠道微生物组中水平基因转移的重要性、普遍性和可操作性至关重要。
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat, with evolution and spread of resistance to frontline antibiotics outpacing the development of novel treatments. The spread of AMR is perpetuated by transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) between bacteria, notably those encoded by conjugative plasmids. The human gut microbiome is a known ‘melting pot’ for plasmid conjugation, with ARG transfer in this environment widely documented. There is a need to better understand the factors affecting the incidence of these transfer events, and to investigate methods of potentially counteracting the spread of ARGs. This review describes the use and potential of three approaches to studying conjugation in the human gut: observation of in situ events in hospitalized patients, modelling of the microbiome in vivo predominantly in rodent models, and the use of in vitro models of various complexities. Each has brought unique insights to our understanding of conjugation in the gut. The use and development of these systems, and combinations thereof, will be pivotal in better understanding the significance, prevalence, and manipulability of horizontal gene transfer in the gut microbiome.

https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/47/1/fuac044/6807411?login=false