摘要
介绍
抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）正在引起越来越多的问题，尤其是在临床环境中。如今，它们被认为是重要的环境污染物，但人们对它们在环境中的命运或如何影响自然微生物种群知之甚少。在环境中，特别是在受人类活动影响的水中，如医院、城市和工业废水处理厂（WWTP）的排放以及农业径流，抗生素决定因素可能成为环境基因库的一部分，水平传播，并通过受污染的食物和饮用水被人类和动物摄入。
目标
这项工作的目的是长期监测从瑞士南部的亚高山湖泊和一些支流收集的水样中是否存在抗生素耐药性决定因素。并评估人类活动是否会影响水环境中抗生素耐药性基因的分布。
方法
我们通过qPCR分析了水样，以量化五种抗生素耐药性基因，这些基因对临床和兽医中使用的主要抗生素类（β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、四环素类、喹诺酮类和磺酰胺类）产生耐药性。2016年1月至2021年12月，从瑞士南部的三条河流和卢加诺湖的五个不同地点采集了水样。
后果
最丰富的基因是sulII，其次是ermB、qnrS和tetA，尤其是在受污水处理厂影响的河流和饮用水吸收厂附近的湖泊中。我们观察到，在这三年中，抗性基因的数量总体上有所减少。
结论
我们的研究结果表明，本研究中监测到的水生生态系统是ARGs的蓄水池，可能是环境向人类传播耐药性的潜在环境。
Abstract
Introduction
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are causing increasing problems especially in clinical settings. Nowadays they are considered important environmental contaminants but little is still known about their fate in the environment or how they affect the natural microbial populations. In the environment, especially in water affected by anthropic activities such as discharge of hospital, urban and industrial wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and agricultural run-off, antibiotic determinants may become part of the environmental gene pool, spread horizontally, and be ingested by humans and animals via contaminated food and drinking water.

Objectives
The aim of this work was the long-term monitoring, of the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants in water samples collected from a subalpine lake and some tributary rivers located in the southern part of Switzerland. And assess if anthropic activities could influence the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes present in water environments.

Methods
We analysed water samples by qPCR to quantify five antibiotic resistance genes that confer resistance to the major classes of antibiotics used in clinical and veterinary (β-lactams, macrolides, tetracycline, quinolones and sulphonamides). Water samples were collected from January 2016 to December 2021, from three rivers located in south Switzerland and from five different sites of Lugano Lake.

Results
The most abundant genes were sulII followed by ermB, qnrS and tetA, they were found especially in the river influenced by wastewater treatment plants and in the lake near the potable water uptake plant. We observed an overall decrease in the number of resistance genes during the three years.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that the aquatic ecosystems monitored in this study are a reservoir of ARGs and could potentially be a setting for the transmission of resistance from the environment to humans.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213716523000619