摘要

在过去的十年中，人们观察到环境中抗生素耐药性研究的热潮。目前，越来越清楚的是，城市废水是抗生素耐药决定因素的关键来源，即抗生素抗性细菌和抗生素抗性基因（ARB和ARG）。作为欧盟和全世界水资源管理的重要组成部分，城市废水再利用已成为解决长期缺水问题的重要组成部分。尤其是，在城市污水处理厂中广泛应用的生物废水处理工艺（即常规活性污泥）已被证明为抗生素抗性的进化和传播提供了理想的环境。先进的化学氧化工艺（AOP）的能力，例如，在过氧化氢存在下的光驱氧化，臭氧化，均相和多相光催化，去除ARB和去除废水中的ARGs，尚未通过系统和综合的方法进行评估。因此，本综述旨在根据最新的科学文献，对评估这些工艺灭活ARB和去除废水中ARGs的效率提供广泛而重要的评估。它试图阐明关键操作条件如何影响过程效率，同时指出潜在的进一步研究领域以及需要解决的主要知识差距。此外，这次审查的目的是阐明参与灭活ARB和通过这些过程去除ARGs的主要氧化损伤途径。一般而言，现有科学数据的缺乏和/或异质性以及各种研究中应用的不同方法学方法使得难以精确评估所用过程的效率。除了操作条件之外，微生物群落的各种检查的遗传成分观察到的变化的行为可以通过在应用每种处理技术期间处理不同的氧化损伤机制来指导。例如，在各种研究中显示，大部分由高级化学氧化造成的细胞损伤可能在靶细菌的细胞壁和膜结构上，使细胞的内部组分相对完整/能够修复损伤。因此，需要进一步深入的机制研究，以建立最佳的操作条件，在此条件下，氧化机制更加强烈地针对内部细胞组分（如遗传物质和核糖体结构），从而赋予永久性损伤和/或死亡，治疗重新成长。

An upsurge in the study of antibiotic resistance in the environment has been observed in the last decade. Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly clear that urban wastewater is a key source of antibiotic resistance determinants, i.e. antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB&ARGs). Urban wastewater reuse has arisen as an important component of water resources management in the European Union and worldwide to address prolonged water scarcity issues. Especially, biological wastewater treatment processes (i.e. conventional activated sludge), which are widely applied inurban wastewater treatment plants, have been shown to provide an ideal environment for the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance. The ability of advanced chemical oxidation processes (AOPs), e.g. light-driven oxidation in the presence of H2O2,ozonation, homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysis, to inactivate ARB and remove ARGs in wastewater effluents has not been yet evaluated through a systematic and integrated approach. Consequently, this review seeks to provide an extensive and critical appraisal on the assessment of the efficiency of these processes in inactivating ARB and removing ARGs in wastewater effluents, based on recent available scientific literature. It tries to elucidate how the key operating conditions may affect the process efficiency, while pinpointing potential areas for further research and major knowledge gaps which need to be addressed. Also, this review aims at shedding light on the main oxidative damage pathways involved in the inactivation of ARB and removal of ARGs by these processes. In general, the lack and/or heterogeneity of the available scientific data, as well as the different methodological approaches applied in the various studies, make difficult the accurate evaluation of the efficiency of the processes applied. Besides the operating conditions, the variable behavior observed by the various examined genetic constituents of the microbial community, may be directed by the process distinct oxidative damage mechanisms in place during the application of each treatment technology. For example, it was shown in various studies that the majority of cellular damage by advanced chemical oxidation may be on cell wall and membrane structuresof the targeted bacteria, leaving the internal components of the cells relatively intact/able to repair damage. As a result, further in-depth mechanistic studies are required, to establish the optimum operating conditions under which oxidative mechanisms target internal cell components such as genetic material and ribosomal structures more intensively, thus conferring permanent damage and/or death and preventing potential post-treatment re-growth.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135417308345