摘要

兽用抗生素在动物生产中的过度使用以及随后的土地施用有助于提高土壤环境中的抗生素抗性。为了将抗生素抗性的风险降至最低，了解抗生素的命运和从动物生产系统到土壤的抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的传播很重要。在本文中，我们回顾了最近关于兽用抗生素使用的研究，抗生素的浓度以及动物粪肥和接受粪肥或肥料堆肥的土壤中AGRs的丰度和多样性。还讨论了ARG在环境中传播的机制。尽管我们关注的是中国，动物生产行业每年生产约30亿吨动物粪便，每年消费84,000多吨抗生素，但问题在全球范围内。大约58％的兽用抗生素被消耗到环境中，其中一半以上消耗在土壤中。 ARGs在粪肥中的丰度可以达到16S rRNA基因的10-1。通过直接引入粪便来源的ARG的（ⅰ），（ⅱ）通过提高固有土壤的ARG和（iii）通过施加选择的ARG与：肥料或肥料堆肥的应用可以丰富土壤的ARG在以至少三种方式粪肥中的抗生素。我们还讨论了关于使用兽用抗生素的更严格的规定以及关于抗生素抗性和抗性管理机制的未来研究方向的需要。

The overuse of veterinary antibiotics in animal production and the subsequent land applications of manures contribute to the elevated antibiotic resistance in the soil environment. To minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance, it is important to understand the fate of antibiotics and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from animal production systems to soil. In this paper, we review recent studies on veterinary antibiotic use, the concentrations of antibiotics and the abundance and diversity of AGRs in animal manures and in soil that receives manures or manure composts. The mechanisms of ARG dissemination in the environment are also discussed. Although we focus on China where around 3 billion tons of animal manures are produced and more than 84 000 tons of antibiotics are consumed annually in animal production industries, the problem is worldwide. Approximately 58% of the veterinary antibiotics consumed are excreted into the environment, more than half of which end up in the soil. The abundance of ARGs in manures can reach up to 10−1 of the 16S rRNA genes. Applications of manures or manure composts can enrich soil ARGs in at least three ways: (i) by the direct introduction of manure‐derived ARGs, (ii) by elevating the intrinsic soil ARGs and (iii) by imposing a selection of ARGs with the antibiotics in the manures. We also discuss the need for more stringent regulations on the use of veterinary antibiotics and future research directions on the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and resistance management.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ejss.12494