总结
      禽肉生产是世界上最重要的农业食品产业之一。在集约化养鸡中广泛预防或治疗性使用抗生素所施加的选择性压力有利于细菌种群耐药性的发展。鸡肝与肠道密切相关，直接参与了食源性感染，并被发现被包括弯曲杆菌和沙门氏菌在内的致病菌污染。在这项研究中，分析了74个鸡肝，分为无菌组和非无菌组，不仅分析了微生物指标，还分析了含有抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的噬菌体和噬菌体颗粒的存在。在肝组织中检测到细菌和噬菌体，包括在无菌条件下解剖的肝组织。噬菌体能够感染大肠杆菌，并表现出Siphovirus形态。鸡肝每克含有103至106个噬菌体颗粒，其携带通过qPCR检测到的一系列ARGs（blaTEM、blaCTx-M-1、sul1、qnrA、armA和tetW）。宏基因组分析证实了鸡肝脏中存在噬菌体，主要感染大肠杆菌，尽管这种技术对鉴定ARGs不够敏感。此外，在该小组之前的一项研究中，通过qPCR在鸡粪便中检测到携带ARG的噬菌体。粪便和肝脏的病毒组比较显示，物种非常一致，这表明在肝脏中发现的噬菌体起源于粪便。这些发现表明，噬菌体和细菌一样，可以从肠道转移到肝脏，因此可能构成抗生素耐药性基因的潜在库。
Summary
Poultry meat production is one of the most important agri-food industries in the world. The selective pressure exerted by widespread prophylactic or therapeutic use of antibiotics in intensive chicken farming favours the development of drug resistance in bacterial populations. Chicken liver, closely connected with the intestinal tract, has been directly involved in food-borne infections and found to be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, including Campylobacter and Salmonella. In this study, 74 chicken livers, divided into sterile and non-sterile groups, were analysed, not only for microbial indicators but also for the presence of phages and phage particles containing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Both bacteria and phages were detected in liver tissues, including those dissected under sterile conditions. The phages were able to infect Escherichia coli and showed a Siphovirus morphology. The chicken livers contained from 103 to 106 phage particles per g, which carried a range of ARGs (blaTEM, blaCTx-M-1, sul1, qnrA, armA and tetW) detected by qPCR. The presence of phages in chicken liver, mostly infecting E. coli, was confirmed by metagenomic analysis, although this technique was not sufficiently sensitive to identify ARGs. In addition, ARG-carrying phages were detected in chicken faeces by qPCR in a previous study of the group. Comparison of the viromes of faeces and liver showed a strong coincidence of species, which suggests that the phages found in the liver originate in faeces. These findings suggests that phages, like bacteria, can translocate from the gut to the liver, which may therefore constitute a potential reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes.

https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1751-7915.14056