摘要
      抗生素耐药性细菌引起的感染是对公共健康的主要威胁。抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）在环境或临床环境中的出现和传播对全球人类和动物健康构成了严重威胁。ARGs的水平基因转移（HGT）是抗生素耐药性在体外和体内环境中传播的主要原因之一。关于移动遗传元件（MGE）在细菌耐药性传播中的作用，人们达成了共识。大多数耐药基因位于质粒上，通过质粒介导的接合转移在微生物之间传播耐药基因是多药耐药性传播的最常见和最有效的方式。驱动抗生素耐药性传播过程的实验研究集中在简单的体外模型系统上，但目前的体外方案可能无法在现实条件下正确反映抗生素耐药性基因的HGT。这就需要更好的模型来描述抗性基因如何在体内转移和传播。体内模型可以更好地模拟患者的情况，有助于更详细地研究这种情况。这对于制定创新策略以遏制未来抗生素耐药性基因的传播至关重要。这篇综述旨在概述抗生素耐药性基因的传播机制，然后证明抗生素耐药性基因在体内模型中的传播。最后，我们讨论了控制抗生素耐药性基因传播的挑战及其潜在的解决方案。
Abstract
Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a major public health threat. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment or clinical setting pose a serious threat to human and animal health worldwide. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs is one of the main reasons for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in vitro and in vivo environments. There is a consensus on the role of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the spread of bacterial resistance. Most drug resistance genes are located on plasmids, and the spread of drug resistance genes among microorganisms through plasmid-mediated conjugation transfer is the most common and effective way for the spread of multidrug resistance. Experimental studies of the processes driving the spread of antibiotic resistance have focused on simple in vitro model systems, but the current in vitro protocols might not correctly reflect the HGT of antibiotic resistance genes in realistic conditions. This calls for better models of how resistance genes transfer and disseminate in vivo. The in vivo model can better mimic the situation that occurs in patients, helping study the situation in more detail. This is crucial to develop innovative strategies to curtail the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the future. This review aims to give an overview of the mechanisms of the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and then demonstrate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the in vivo model. Finally, we discuss the challenges in controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and their potential solutions.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cjidmm/2022/3348695/