摘要
      抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）在水生环境中的传播是人类和动物健康关注的问题。在农田上施用液体肥料是ARGs的重要来源，病原体、抗生素抗性细菌和选择性制剂会在ARGs中释放。为了提高我们对ARGs在土壤中传播的理解，我们的主要目标是评估土壤作为保护水资源屏障的有效性。在一年的时间里，通过应用针对143个基因的高通量定量聚合酶链反应，研究了在施用液体猪粪的情况下，农业瓦片排水粘土耕地土壤和排水中ARGs和可移动遗传元素的分布和丰度。研究结果如下：（a）检测到97个基因，其中在排水中检测到的基因与在酸化液体肥料或施肥土壤中检测的基因之间仅共享转座子基因tnpA-03/IS6，表明液体肥料施用对排水阻力的影响有限；（b） intI1基因存在于约60%的引流样本中，浓度高达1634 intI1 ml–1；和（c）大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.，“KWS Irina”）的蒸散和低地下水位似乎减少了在施用液体肥料的前3个月内优先向排水系统输送。有趣的是，在春大麦收获后立即观察到第一次优先运输到排水系统。总的来说，在监测年，我们发现土壤是阻止粪便ARGs传播的有效屏障，尽管intI1基因的出现对前几年的屏障效应提出了质疑。
Abstract
Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments is a concern due to human and animal health. Application of liquid manure on agricultural land is an important source of ARGs, where pathogens, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and selective agents are released. To improve our understanding of ARGs spreading through soils, our main objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the soil as a barrier protecting water resources. Over the course of a year, profiles and abundances of ARGs and mobile genetic elements in soil and drainage from an agricultural tile-drained clay till field were investigated upon liquid pig manure application by applying high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting 143 genes. The findings were as follows: (a) 97 genes were detected, where only the transposon gene tnpA-03/ IS6 was shared between the genes detected in drainage and those in acidified liquid manure or fertilized soils, indicating that liquid manure application had a limited impact on the drainage resistance profile; (b) intI1 gene was present in ∼60% of drainage samples in concentrations up to 1,634 intI1 ml–1; and (c) evapotranspiration from barley (Hordeum vulgare L., ‘KWS Irina’) and a low groundwater table appeared to reduce preferential transport to drainage during the first 3 mo of liquid manure application. Interestingly, the first preferential transport to drainage was observed immediately after the harvest of spring barley. Overall, during the monitoring year we found the soil to be an effective barrier against the spread of fecal ARGs even though the occurrence of the intI1 gene questions the barrier effect from previous years.

https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jeq2.20354