摘要
      抗生素耐药性对包括医院、肉类加工厂和其他农业和职业实体在内的许多机构构成威胁。这项研究的目标是揭示细菌如何对包括雾化在内的环境条件做出反应，并使用实验室菌株大肠杆菌（E.coli）MG 1655作为替代细菌来描述触发抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）表达的因素。将新鲜的中对数相细菌悬浮液在不同的环境条件下雾化5个不同的持续时间到无菌室中，并使用生物气溶胶收集器收集。通过抗生素敏感性测试和聚合酶链式反应（PCR），使用特异性引物靶向ARGs，根据每个样本对每个环境因素的反应进行分析。5分钟后检测到对细胞壁和蛋白质合成抑制剂头孢噻吩和庆大霉素的强烈耐药性，相比之下，根据活细胞浓度，雾化30分钟和45分钟。在最短的雾化样本中检测到对最高数量抗生素的耐药性，而暴露于更长的雾化持续时间会导致细菌无法缓解的压力增加，这表明不同的机制参与了对短期和长期暴露的反应。在雾化的中等持续时间后检测到少量阻力，这可能是由于细胞在雾化过程中对机械、渗透和其他应力的瞬态响应。这项研究首次证明雾化能在几分钟内引发大肠杆菌的抗生素耐药性。
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance poses a threat in many institutions including hospitals, meat processing facilities and other agricultural and occupational entities. The goal of this research is to uncover how bacteria react to environmental conditions including aerosolization and delineate factors that trigger expression of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) using the laboratory strain Escherichia coli (E. coli) MG 1655 as surrogate bacterium. Fresh mid-log phase bacterial suspensions were aerosolized at different environmental conditions for 5 different time durations into a sterile chamber and collected using a bioaerosol collector. Each sample was analyzed based on its response to each environmental factor by antibiotic susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers to target ARGs. Strong resistance was detected to cell wall and protein synthesis inhibitors Cephalothin, and Gentamicin after 5 min compared to 30 min and 45 min of aerosolizations in reference to viable cell concentrations. Resistance to the highest number of antibiotics was detected in the shortest aerosolization samples while exposure for longer aerosolization durations caused an increased amount of stress which bacteria could not alleviate, indicating the involvement of different mechanisms to respond to short-term and long-term exposures. A small amount of resistance was detected after intermediate durations of aerosolization, maybe due to a transient response of the cells to compensate for mechanical, osmotic and other stresses during aerosolization. This study is the first to demonstrate that aerosolization triggers antibiotic resistance within minutes in E. coli.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021850222000593