摘要
      岩溶蓄水层为世界各地提供了重要的饮用水源；然而，它们容易受到细菌污染。我们调查了城市岩溶地下水和地下水补给地表水中沙门氏菌的流行率、血清型和抗微生物耐药性基因（ARGs）。每周从肯塔基州鲍灵格林的九个地下水地点和巴伦河采集水样（n=443）。此外，从佛罗里达州坦帕市的45个地点采集横断面样本，包括地下水和两条河流。在14.5%的鲍灵格林样本中检测到沙门氏菌，产生176个分离株，代表18个血清型。坦帕的两个样本（4.4%）呈阳性，产生代表两种血清型的八个分离株。在鲍灵格林，沙门氏菌的流行率因采样地点、周、月和季节而异，地表水中的流行率最高的是11月和夏季。纽波特沙门氏菌是检测到的最常见的血清型。研究中检测到的9种血清型是美国常见的与人类感染相关的前20种血清型之一。分离物与人类临床分离物或从食用动物中获得的分离物聚集在一起，表明人类和农业实践作为水污染源的重要性。在12.5%（n=176）的鲍灵格林分离株中检测到ARGs；总的来说，81.8%（n=22）的患者具有多重耐药性（对≥3类抗菌药物的耐药性）。值得注意的是，四个Agona沙门氏菌分离株对四类抗菌药物、汞和季铵化合物具有耐药性。季节性和沙门氏菌在地下水和地下水补给的地表水中的广泛存在对公众健康具有潜在风险。
Abstract
Karst aquifers provide a significant source of drinking water around the world; however, they are prone to bacterial contamination. We investigated the prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of Salmonella in urban karst groundwater and groundwater-fed surface waters. Weekly water samples (n = 443) were collected from nine groundwater sites and the Barren River in Bowling Green, KY. Additionally, cross-sectional samples were collected from 45 sites, including groundwaters and two rivers, in Tampa, FL. Salmonella was detected in 14.5% of Bowling Green samples resulting in 176 isolates representing 18 serotypes. Two (4.4%) of the Tampa samples were positive yielding eight isolates representing two serotypes. In Bowling Green, Salmonella prevalence varied by sampling site, week, month, and season, with the highest prevalence in surface water in the month of November and during summer. Salmonella Newport was the most common serotype detected. Nine of the serotypes detected in the study were among the top 20 serotypes commonly associated with human infections in the United States. Isolates were clustered with human clinical isolates, or isolates obtained from food animals, suggesting the importance of humans and agricultural practices as a source of water contamination. ARGs were detected in 12.5% (n = 176) of the Bowling Green isolates; overall, 81.8% (n = 22) of these were multidrug-resistant (resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes). Notably, the four Salmonella Agona isolates were resistant to four antimicrobial classes, mercury, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Seasonality and the widespread occurrence of Salmonella both in the groundwater and groundwater-fed surface waters is a potential risk to public health.

https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jeq2.20470