摘要
      抗生素耐药性细菌（ARB）及其抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的出现对全球人类、动物和环境健康构成了严重挑战。ARB可以通过各种来源和途径传播到环境中。在这项研究中，我们调查了琵琶湖南部流域抗生素耐药性大肠杆菌的发生情况。在琵琶湖南部和流入河流以及该湖南部周围的三个污水处理厂进行了为期两年的抗生素耐药性大肠杆菌监测。使用培养方法测量对氨苄青霉素（AMP）、头孢噻肟（CTX）、头孢他啶（CAZ）、左氧氟沙星（LVFX）、四环素（TC）和阿米卡星（AMK）具有耐药性的水中大肠杆菌的浓度。在这些抗生素抗性大肠杆菌中，AMP抗性大肠杆菌的患病率最高，其次是WWTP进水和出水中的LVFX、CTX、CAZ、TC和AMK抗性大肠杆菌。废水中的这些耐药性模式与日本临床样本中的耐药性模式相同。在废水处理过程中，抗生素耐药性大肠杆菌的数量减少了约1000倍，但数量明显增加，这表明在废水处理期间可能会选择抗生素耐药性。在琵琶湖和流入河流中也检测到了耐AMP和耐TC的大肠杆菌，这表明抗生素耐药性可能不仅来自污水处理厂，还来自畜牧场和河流集水区的小型废水处理设施。
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) poses a serious challenge to human, animal, and environmental health worldwide. ARB can spread into the environment via various sources and routes. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the southern watershed of Lake Biwa. Two-year monitoring of antibiotic-resistant E. coli was carried out in the southern part of Lake Biwa and inflow rivers and at three WWTPs around the southern part of the lake. Concentrations of E. coli in waters that are resistant to ampicillin (AMP), cefotaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), levofloxacin (LVFX), tetracycline (TC), and amikacin (AMK) were measured using the culture method. Of these antibiotic-resistant E. coli, AMP-resistant E. coli were found at the highest prevalence, followed by LVFX, CTX, CAZ, TC, and AMK-resistant in both the influent and effluent of WWTPs. These resistance patterns in wastewater are the same as those in clinical samples in Japan. The numbers of antibiotic-resistant E. coli decreased by around a factor of 1000 during the wastewater treatment processes, but the rates clearly increased, suggesting that selection for antibiotic resistance might occur during the wastewater treatment process. AMP-resistant and TC-resistant E. coli were also detected in Lake Biwa and inflow rivers, which suggests that antibiotic resistance might come from not only WWTPs but also livestock farms and small-scale wastewater treatment facilities located in the river catchment.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653522008657