摘要
      畜牧业中的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）已被公认为一种污染物。研究了枯草芽孢杆菌（B.subtilis）作为添加剂在蚯蚓堆肥过程中降低畜禽废水处理厂动物污泥中ARGs的效果。我们还评估了氧化应激水平和蚯蚓、爱胜螺的生长、细菌群落的演替以及最终产品的质量。使用枯草芽孢杆菌进行了两次处理，一次在18°C下，另一次在28°C下。对照组在没有细菌的情况下进行设置。结果表明，接种枯草芽孢杆菌在28°C时促进了有机物的降解，并将发芽指数提高到236%。枯草芽孢杆菌在28°C下提高了超氧化物歧化酶（1.69U/mg pr）和过氧化氢酶（8.05U/mg pr）的活性，降低了丙二醛（0.02nmol/mg pr）的活性。枯草芽孢杆菌的加入降低了32个靶ARG的丰度，包括整合子（intI-1）、转座酶（IS613）和抗性基因，如磺酰胺（sul2）、喹诺酮（oprJ）、大环内酯类林可酰胺链菌素B组（ermF，ermB）、四环素（tet-02，tetX）、β-内酰胺（blaOXA10-01）和氨基糖苷[strB，aac（6′）-Ib（又名aacA4）-01，aac。降解有机物的膜菌、Paludisphaera、鞘氨醇杆菌和属于几丁质目的未培养细菌、硝化和固氮的Singulisphaera和异根瘤菌Neorhizobium Pararhizobim Rhizobium、土壤修复的无色杆菌、促进植物生长的Kaistia、Galbibacter和Ilumatobacter显著增加（P<0.05）。然而，蚯蚓堆肥中伯克霍尔德菌科等有害细菌的生长受到抑制。在蚯蚓肠道中，益生菌中根瘤菌得到了促进，而属于肠杆菌科的致病性未培养细菌减少了。此外，枯草芽孢杆菌增强了细菌与ARGs之间的宿主关系。这些发现可能有助于去除动物粪便中的ARGs，并有助于理解蚯蚓和微生物之间的协同作用。
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock industry have been recognized as a kind of pollutant. The effect of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) as an additive for the reduction of ARGs in animal sludge from livestock and poultry wastewater treatment plant during vermicomposting was investigated. We also evaluated the oxidative stress level and growth of earthworms, Eisenia foetida, bacterial community succession, and the quality of the end products. Two treatments were conducted using B. subtilis, one at 18 °C and another at 28 °C. Controls were setup without the bacteria. The results showed that inoculation of B. subtilis promoted the degradation of organics at 28 °C and increased the germination index to 236%. The increased activities of the superoxide dismutase (1.69 U/mg pr) and catalase (8.05 U/mg pr) and the decreased activity of malondialdehyde (0.02 nmol/mg pr) by B. subtilis at 28 °C showed that the earthworms were relieved of heat stress. The addition of B. subtilis reduced the abundance of 32 target ARGs, including integron (intI-1), transposase (IS613) and resistant genes, such as sulfonamide (sul2), quinolone (oprJ), macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin group B (ermF, ermB), tetracycline (tetL-02, tetX), β-lactama (blaOXA10-01) and aminoglycoside [strB, aac(6′)-Ib(aka aacA4)-01, aac(6′)-Ib(aka aacA4)-02]. Organic matter degrading Membranicola, Paludisphaera, Sphingorhabdus and uncultured bacterium belonging to the order Chitinophagales, nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing Singulisphaera and Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, soil remediating Achromobacter, and plant growth promoting Kaistia, Galbibacter and Ilumatobacter were increased significantly (P < 0.05). However, the growth of harmful bacteria such as Burkholderiaceae was inhibited in the vermicompost. In earthworm guts, the probiotic Mesorhizobium was promoted, while the pathogenic uncultured bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae was reduced. Besides, B. subtilis enhanced the host relationships between bacteria and ARGs. These findings might be helpful in the removal of ARGs in animal wastes and in understanding the synergy between earthworms and microorganisms.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001393512202415X